Browse regulations

These regulations, made under the Building Safety Act 2022, require principal accountable persons (PAPs) of higher-risk buildings in England to submit 'key building information' to the regulator within 28 days of registration, and notify of any changes within 28 days. They specify detailed information requirements covering: ancillary buildings, principal/subordinate uses, external wall materials and insulation, roof composition, fixtures, structural design, storeys below ground, staircases, energy systems, evacuation strategies, and fire/smoke control equipment. The regulations also establish responsibilities between multiple accountable persons (APs) in a building.

These regulations impose detailed prescriptive information requirements and 28-day mandatory notification obligations on building owners and managers with significant administrative burden but unclear safety benefits. The requirement to notify the regulator of 'any change' to key building information within 28 days creates a perpetual compliance obligation that drives costs without proportional safety gain. The classification categories, percentage breakdowns of materials, and granular fixture details are overly prescriptive and reflect the kind of bureaucratic box-ticking that Adam Smith warned diminishes rather than enhances safety. Emergency responders already have access to building plans through other channels. The regulations add a layer of regulatory compliance without evidence they achieve outcomes superior to less burdensome alternatives.

The Parole Board (Amendment) Rules 2023 amend the Parole Board Rules 2019 by: (1) requiring panel chairs to explain the order of proceedings at oral hearings, (2) inserting Part A1 establishing the Secretary of State's role in presenting an overarching view on prisoner suitability for release, and (3) replacing paragraph 4 and substantially expanding paragraph 5 of Part B with detailed requirements for risk management reports including family circumstances, employment prospects, victim impact analysis, and licence condition recommendations.

These Rules impose significant administrative burdens through detailed report content requirements without clear justification. The expanded paragraph 5 now mandates 12 specific categories of information including the local community's attitude towards the prisoner, detailed family circumstances, and victim impact analysis - creating compliance costs for the National Probation Service while potentially delaying parole decisions. Such prescriptive statutory requirements prevent flexible case-by-case assessment. The Secretary of State's overarching view provision introduces another layer of bureaucracy to an already complex process. As procedural rules for a quasi-judicial body that affect liberty decisions, these requirements should be streamlined through internal guidance rather than primary legislation, allowing the Parole Board discretion over information gathering based on individual case needs.

These Regulations amend the Occupational Pension Schemes (Charges and Governance) Regulations 2015, the Occupational Pension Schemes (Investment) Regulations 2005, the Occupational Pension Schemes (Scheme Administration) Regulations 1996, and the Pensions Dashboards Regulations 2022. They remove performance-fee smoothing provisions, introduce requirements to report specified performance-based fees, mandate annual asset allocation calculations across eight asset classes, require illiquid assets investment policies in statements of investment principles, and lower the Pensions Dashboards threshold from 10,999 to 10,000 members.

These regulations impose substantial new compliance burdens on pension trustees including calculating and reporting asset allocation across eight asset classes, detailed illiquid assets policy disclosures, and removal of performance-fee smoothing mechanisms. The compliance costs are ultimately borne by scheme members. More critically, the illiquid assets disclosure requirements may discourage trustees from investing in beneficial infrastructure projects due to additional regulatory friction, even when such investments would serve members' interests. The removal of performance-fee smoothing removes a legitimate mechanism that aligned fund manager incentives with long-term member outcomes. Market discipline through transparency and existing fiduciary duties are sufficient to protect members without these additional prescriptive requirements that primarily serve to expand regulatory bureaucracy at significant cost.

The Wireless Telegraphy (Licence Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2023 amend the 2020 Regulations to add new spectrum licence classes (10 GHz and 32 GHz bands), introduce Regulation 6A with initial 28 GHz band charges effective 17th April 2023, and revise subsequent annual 28 GHz fees. It establishes fixed administrative fees per 2x1 MHz channel for Spectrum Access licences across 14 geographic regions, with formulas for partial-area calculations.

These regulations perpetuate OFCOM's administrative pricing of spectrum rather than market-based allocation. Fixed licence charges averaging 38-39% higher for 28 GHz on subsequent years act as a spectrum tax on telecommunications operators, raising barriers to entry, suppressing competition, and ultimately increasing costs for consumers. While spectrum management may have legitimate purposes, administrative fee-setting lacks the efficiency signals that market mechanisms (such as auctions or trading) would provide. The rigid regional fee structure ignores differing supply conditions and prevents optimal spectrum allocation, distorting investment incentives and hindering the UK's competitiveness in 5G and advanced telecommunications services.

This Order makes consequential amendments to extend the definition of 'local authority' to include Corporate Joint Committees (CJsCs) established under Part 5 of the Local Government and Elections (Wales) Act 2021. It modifies the National Loans Act 1968, Local Government Act 1972, Income Tax Act 2007, Corporation Tax Act 2010, the Redundancy Payments Order 1999, and the Local Government Pension Scheme Regulations 2013 to include CJCs for purposes including local loans, payments to deceased officers, tax definitions, redundancy continuity, and pension scheme participation.

This is a technical consequential amendment that simply ensures Corporate Joint Committees can operate within existing legal frameworks. Deletion would leave CJC employees without pension coverage, redundancy protections, and other statutory rights afforded to local government employees. While CJCs are themselves regulatory creations, this Order merely provides definitional machinery to apply existing well-established arrangements—not impose new regulatory burdens. Without these amendments, CJC employees would be worse off, and the bodies could not function.

Amendment to Judicial Pensions (Fee-Paid Judges) Regulations 2017, effective 1 April 2023. Introduces new definitions (FPJABS, JUPRA service, pre/post-1995 provisions, service credit day), modifies normal pension age calculations, adds service credit day multipliers (0.5-0.67), and inserts new Parts 2A and 2B establishing elections for whether retirement/death benefits are calculated under pre-1995 or post-1995 provisions. Provides transition provisions allowing opt-outs until 31 October 2023 for those affected by amendments.

Deleting this regulation would harm fee-paid judges who rely on these provisions to clarify which pension calculation methodology (pre-1995 or post-1995 provisions) applies to their service. Without this amendment, judges face uncertainty regarding their pension entitlements, service credit calculations, and election rights. The technical amendments address genuine ambiguities in the 2017 Regulations and provide过渡 provisions (opt-out deadlines, recalculation rights) that protect judges' reasonable expectations. While a truly free-market approach would prefer voluntary pension arrangements over government-defined schemes, once such commitments are made, Britons would be worse off if the legal clarity protecting their entitlements was removed.

This Order amends the Treasure (Designation) Order 2002 by expanding the definition of 'treasure' to include any metal-containing object that provides exceptional insight into national or regional history, archaeology or culture (due to rarity, location, or historical connection), or forms part of a hoard providing such insight collectively. It also designates exclusions for objects under Church of England faculty jurisdiction and items found in cathedrals. The amendments apply only to objects found after the Order comes into force.

The Treasure regime represents a regulatory taking without just compensation, compelling finders (particularly metal detectorists) to report discoveries and potentially surrender them to museums. This Order's expansion of what qualifies as 'treasure' to include any metal object meeting vague criteria (exceptional insight, rarity, connection to events) creates enormous uncertainty and compliance burdens. The desired outcome of preserving archaeological heritage could be better achieved through voluntary arrangements, incentives for reporting, and market mechanisms rather than mandatory forfeiture. The Church exclusion is itself an arbitrary privilege that distorts the market for artifacts. Furthermore, such regulations often drive finds underground, reducing actual archaeological documentation compared to a system that rewards finders for reporting.

Amends the Care and Support (Charging and Assessment of Resources) Regulations 2014 to add paragraph 43 to Schedule 2, which disregards from capital assessment any payments that are disregarded under section 8 of the Social Security (Additional Payments) Act 2023. This ensures one-off cost of living support payments (such as the £400 energy payment) do not increase care fees by being counted as capital.

While well-intentioned, this regulation exemplifies the broader problem with England's care charging regime: a labyrinthine system of capital assessment rules that imposes significant compliance costs on vulnerable individuals and administrative burdens on local authorities. Rather than addressing the fundamental distortion in the care market — where NHS near-monopoly power and decades of regulatory accumulation have created structural inefficiency — Parliament is repeatedly called upon to enact targeted exemptions that treat symptoms rather than cause. The Social Security (Additional Payments) Act 2023 payments were designed as temporary relief; building permanent exemptions into the care capital regime adds complexity with negligible benefit. Critically, these regulations govern a system that already operates under the heavy hand of state provision and local authority administration, suppressing the private market alternatives that could provide more responsive, competitive care options. Repealing this amendment would leave in place the underlying 2014 Regulations, which already contain numerous disregards and exemptions — suggesting the core framework, not this specific addition, is what warrants fundamental review.

Commencement regulations for the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, bringing into force on 5th April 2023 specific provisions: section 68 (controlling or coercive behaviour in intimate/family relationships), section 77 (police disclosure guidance), and section 82 (code of practice). Extends to England and Wales (with limited UK-wide application for certain provisions).

This is a procedural commencement instrument that merely activates provisions of an Act already passed by Parliament. Deleting it would prevent the implementation of Parliament's will without removing any law from the statute book. The underlying policy decisions were made by Parliament through the democratic process, and this regulation imposes no independent regulatory burden—it merely determines timing of provisions that already exist.

This Order amends VAT margin scheme rules to establish interest mechanics for VAT-related payments. It sets the repayment interest start date as 4 months after a claim is made (Article 16A), allows recovery of erroneously-paid repayment interest as late payment interest under conditions A-C (Article 16B), creates netting rules for periods where both late payment interest debts and repayment interest credits exist simultaneously (Article 16C), and applies existing VATA recovery provisions to these VAT-related payments (Article 16D).

This regulation adds procedural complexity to an already burdensome tax system without clear benefit to Britons. The interest and recovery provisions primarily benefit HMRC administrators and tax practitioners rather than ordinary taxpayers. Such technical rules create compliance costs, litigation risk, and uncertainty. The underlying policy goals—preventing unjust enrichment from erroneous payments and managing timing of interest—could be achieved through simpler, more principle-based rules or would naturally resolve without detailed statutory netting provisions. Inherently, this regulation perpetuates the culture of micro-management in tax law that drives up compliance costs for businesses and creates barriers to economic activity.

Extends the deadline for logging requirements under Schedule 20 of the Data Protection Act 2018 (law enforcement and intelligence services processing) from 2023 to 2026. This is a technical amendment to a transitional provision within the UK's post-Brexit retained EU-derived data protection framework.

A purely administrative date-extension that does nothing more than perpetuate compliance burdens under the EU-derived Data Protection Act 2018. The logging requirement itself imposes ongoing costs on law enforcement and intelligence agencies without clear evidence of commensurate benefit. Since this merely postpones an already-delayed obligation, it defers rather than addresses the underlying regulatory burden — and keeps alive a provision from a framework that was never subject to proper democratic scrutiny by Parliament when originally inherited from EU law.

Amends the Electricity Supplier Obligations (Amendment & Excluded Electricity) Regulations 2015 to modify the relevant period calculation for Energy Intensive Industry (EII) applications. Changes the consecutive quarters requirement from two to one, and introduces regulation 9A allowing applicants to select any 3 of the 5 most recent business years for accounts, applicable to applications made before 1 April 2026.

This regulation creates preferential exemptions for energy-intensive industries from electricity supplier obligations, effectively a form of corporate welfare that distorts the energy market. By allowing companies to cherry-pick which years to use for qualification, it undermines the equal treatment principle and artificially sustains uncompetitive businesses. Such exemptions distort resource allocation, create rent-seeking incentives, and represent exactly the kind of government intervention Adam Smith warned would enrich established producers at the public's expense.

These Regulations establish a comprehensive regulatory framework for supported accommodation undertakings in England, extending Care Standards Act 2000 oversight to this sector. They prescribe four standards (leadership/management, protection, accommodation, support), set requirements for registered providers and service managers including fitness and qualification criteria, mandate statements of purpose and workforce plans, establish child protection policies, and create oversight mechanisms via CIECSS. The regulations cover various categories of supported accommodation including self-contained units, shared living for looked-after children, mixed-use premises, and accommodation in private residences.

These regulations impose substantial compliance burdens that restrict the supply of much-needed supported accommodation for vulnerable children. Prescriptive requirements around registration fitness, staffing ratios, training, premises standards, and documentation create significant barriers to entry for providers, particularly smaller and independent operators. This regulatory capture drives providers toward larger corporate structures better equipped to absorb compliance costs, reducing choice and innovation. While child welfare is paramount, the command-and-control approach prioritises process compliance over outcomes, imposing costs that ultimately reduce resources available for direct care. The detailed prescriptions on matters such as bedroom specifications, monitoring equipment use, and documentation requirements reflect bureaucratic rather than evidence-based standards. A lighter-touch regime focusing on fundamental fitness requirements and outcome verification would better protect children while enabling market provision and innovation in this sector.

The Northampton Gateway Rail Freight Interchange (Amendment) Order 2023 amends the 2019 Order by adding a definition for 'rail infrastructure plan' and modifying requirements in Schedule 2. It restricts occupation of warehousing until rail infrastructure within the pink-coloured area is complete, and limits occupation to 232,260 square metres until both connections to the West Coast Main Line are constructed and commissioned. It also certifies the rail infrastructure plan document.

These restrictions ensure the rail freight interchange functions as intended - without them, warehouses could be occupied before rail infrastructure is operational, hollowing out the public benefit of this freight interchange. The phased development requirement is necessary infrastructure coordination that cannot be achieved through private contracts alone, as it involves Network Rail connections affecting the national rail network. Unlike typical bureaucratic restrictions, this ensures the promised multimodal freight facility is actually delivered.

This Order reorganises HM Government by creating four new Secretary of State positions (Energy Security and Net Zero; Science, Innovation and Technology; Business and Trade; Culture, Media and Sport) and transferring functions from predecessor departments (Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy; Digital, Culture, Media and Sport; International Trade). It establishes each new Secretary of State as a corporation sole, provides for transfer of property, rights, liabilities, legal proceedings, and existing documents/forms, and contains machinery provisions for continuity of references in legislation. The Order implements the February 2023 reshuffle and takes effect 3rd May 2023.

This is a machinery of government Order that merely reallocates existing functions between new Secretaries of State. It does not itself impose any regulatory burden, restriction, or cost on businesses or individuals. Deleting it would create constitutional and administrative chaos—new departments would lack legal authority for their functions, ongoing legal proceedings would be in limbo, and thousands of existing instruments referencing predecessor Secretaries would become legally uncertain. Unlike regulations that restrict economic activity, this Order merely assigns governmental responsibility. Its existence is prerequisite to functional government and any subsequent regulatory reform agenda.